Rhetorical Analysis The 10, 000 Hour Rule By Malcolm...

Rhetorical Analysis Essay: â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule† How many hours of someone’s life are necessary to perfect a skill? 300? 5000? Perhaps try 10,000 hours. In this chapter from Outliers, â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule†, Malcolm Gladwell argues that talent isn’t innate, but takes 10,000 hours to perfect a skill based on opportunity, talent, and practice. Throughout the chapter â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule†, Malcolm Gladwell effectively relies on logos--evidence from well-known figures and charts that show age similarities--to support his theory that it takes a particular window of time to offer someone the opportunity to practice for 10,000 hours to succeed at a skill. However, Gladwell ineffectively relies on repetition of evidence and failure to†¦show more content†¦This aids the audience’s understanding because of the Beatles’ prominent background and appearances in the media. â€Å"Let’s test the idea with two examples† and â€Å"Bill Gates, one of the world’s riche st men† is another example of Gladwell alluding to famous figures because he explains that Bill Gates is the one of richest men in the world. By providing statements from those famous figures, the audience can envision what and how long it took for those people to get where they are today. â€Å"Here is John Lennon†¦ talking about the band’s performances†, â€Å"the experience playing all night long†, â€Å"Here is Pete Best, the Beatles’ drummer†, and â€Å"we played almost nonstop† shows that the audience has become presented with multiple points of view, which is the rhetorical device of repetition. These points will compel the audience to remember how efficient working for 10,000 hours is for mastering a skill. An ineffective device used by Gladwell was his use of repetition of evidence and failure to acknowledge counterexamples by forcing the reader into thinking that Gladwell’s theory is the only one possible to be correct. The lack of acknowledgment towards counterexamples thrusts the audience into thinking that Gladwell’s opinion is the only viable one. â€Å"Philip Norman, who wrote the Beatles biography†, â€Å"nonstop show, hour after hour†, â€Å"Here is John Lennon†, and â€Å"playing all night long† are examples of repetition of evidence because the author already established that theShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as

Analysis of the competitiveness of the Smartphone industry in Taiwan Free Essays

string(36) " involved in travel and mobility 3\." Abstract Now these days the Smartphone industry along with the other sectors the one main thing is the competitiveness that declares the successfulness or failure in the global market place. As in the case of the Smartphone industry being competitive means that the industry can be able to offer a product of higher quality compared to its rivals, but at the same time, with a similar price. The Smartphone industry has achieved (reached) this competitiveness mainly because of its vertical integrated production chain. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the competitiveness of the Smartphone industry in Taiwan or any similar topic only for you Order Now This specific coordination, besides reducing transaction costs, push toward a production of excellent quality, which can be immediately adjusted according to the consumer demand. Keywords: Competitiveness, Smartphone Industry 1 Introduction Recently, there have been many articles written about the Smartphone industry and this attention is because of/due to the fact that such a small country could have such a large production.Smartphones most definitely will become the information center as well as the device most everyone in public choose to own for entertainment. An increase in acceptance as well the prevalent usage of smartphone’s is not only a good sign for the makers of smart phones, but as well as the entire wireless industry. In 2011, recently, a market research firm mentioned the fact that worldwide, the smartphone market would nearly grow by as much as 50% and the leading operating system would be taken over by Google’s Android. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), in 2011 more than 450 million smart phones compared to last year’s 303.4 million smart phones were shipped by vendors of smart phones. IDC also said that the smart phone market will grow greater than four times quicker compared to the overall mobile phone market as consumers as well as enterprise users’ upgrade from their basic handsets to smart phones that have many advanced capabilities. The research firm also believes in 2011, the Android likely will surpass Nokia’s Symbian and will take over in becoming the most smart phone platform that leads the market. 2 Methodology The various methods used in order to carry out a thorough analysis of the competitive environment comes from Porter’s Five Forces, while describing the industry’s strength as well as its capabilities and the technique of SWOT can be used. 3 Porter’s Five Forces In order to make a complete analysis of the environment of how the smartphone industry operates we need to evaluate those forces that work in it as well as seeing how the forces share its competitive environment. The forces that are taken into consideration normally are: the technology available technology its development, the economy at large, the competitiveness, government legislation, population demographics, societal values and lifestyles. Even if some of these forces can’t be directly influenced from the industry is anyway important to evaluate each one of them to fully understand the forces behind the smartphone dynamics. Michael Porter suggested that competitiveness as the force that most likely has the most impact on the industry and it can very much affect the environment where companies move their steps. The competitiveness generates pressure on the industry players and this pressure is captured by Porter’s forces. Porter’s framework suggests the following 5 forces as components of competition. The competitions among current industries or countries that carry out their activities in the same area are as follows: 1)The threat from new potential entrants 2)The threat from substitute products 3)The bargaining power stemming from suppliers The bargaining power stemming from buyers Figure 1. The Five Factors or Forces Affecting Competition in an Industry modified from (Porter, 1980). 3.1 The competition among existing industries or countries that carry out their activities in the same area: This force is likely the strongest of the five, the rivalry increases both because of one or more industries foresee the opportunity to increase their market share to the detriment of others. 3.2 Entry Barriers: Under normal conditions, new entrants to a market bring an increment of production capacity and the desire to gain new market share. To determine how serious this threat from new entries, the two things we should think carefully about are as follows: barriers to entry as well as the expected reactions of firms already available in the market. Several types of entry barriers are as follows: 1)Fixed costs: necessary research and development 2)Reputation of incumbent firms: people buy phones from companies they trust 3)Networking: people buy phones that their friends and acquaintances use 4)Switching costs: people buy phones that their friends and acquaintances use 5)Differentiation: limited ability to differentiate from other phones 3.3 Bargaining Power: Smart phone firms possess relatively weak bargaining power. There are some reasons that include the following: 1) Substitutes: many substitutes (as seen below) 2) Elastic demand: Smart phones aren’t a necessary product; therefore there is an elastic demand for them 3) Information: Customers tend to research capabilities of smart phones because of price as well as high reliance on the product 4) Differentiation: Limited ability to differentiate from other competitors 5) Switching costs: Limited incentives for users to change phone companies 3.4 Substitute Products: A number of substitutes exist for smart phones. The main purpose of smartphones is for mobile access to information. The following are some products that share similar uses: 1)Cellular phones 2)Laptops 3)Organizers or pen and paper 4)Pager In particular, notebooks and cell phones provide sufficient the services that are most needed for mobile access to information. 3.5 Complements For smart phones, any application that works well with the phones can be considered a complement. Google owns a large number of such applications that will be mentioned later. Some of the complements include the following: 1) Email 2) Data manipulation applications (documents) 3) Maps and GPS 4) Organization applications 5) Other internet applications and essentially any software available on phones 6) Music and other media content 7) Computers (in order to install manipulate software on the phone) 8) Products involved in travel and mobility 3.6 Rivalry The smartphone industry is rather competitive. Although there are a few strong competitors, the industry does not support many firms. The following are reasons for this: 1)Differentiation: There is only a limited ability that distinguishes smartphones from a competitor’s besides the interface. Nonetheless, for smart phones, a considerable differentiation exists between business and home users. This allows for multiple firms to exist, despite the fact that the total number may be still somewhat small. 2)Economy of Scale: There is almost no scalability to create more software, so this doesn’t force the market toward a small number of firms. 3)Prices: Generally speaking, customers value quality significantly over price when considering buying a phone that they will often use frequently. The reason is that most prices between phones are generally similar, and prices are mostly similar, and prices are insignificant compared to the usefulness and amount of time customers will use the phone. Hence, no room to differentiate for price exists and companies that perceive low quality and low budgets for R D won’t survive. 4)Networking: Because there may be cheaper service between the same phones, people purchase the same phones as their friends. 5)Brand Name: Customers care about buying a phone from popular or reliable companies, so as a result, the existence of multiple small firms are limited. As a result, the smart phone industry supports multiple firms due to ability to differentiate between business and home users, but does not support a large number of smaller firms. Then, the smart phone industry is very rivalrous as competitors fight to become one of these few firms. 4 PESTLE Analyses â€Å"PESTLE analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental analysis† and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management.†(Wikipedia 2011). PESTLE analysis-Smartphone Industry Political/Legal current legislation home market future legislation international legislation government policies Economic economy situation economy trends overseas economies and trends market and trade cycles specific industry factors market routes distribution trends Social lifestyle trends demographics consumer attitudes and opinions media views brand, company, technology image consumer buying patterns buying access and trends Technological competing technology development replacement technology/solutions maturity of technology manufacturing maturity information and communications consumer buying technology legislation intellectual property issues global communications 5 SWOT analyses After we have discussed the main features of the external environment where the Smartphone industry is set, in the following second section of the paper, we will carry out a general evaluation of the company’s internal resource capabilities and competitive advantage versus rivals. By exploring these factors, we can use the analytical technique of SWOT (acronym of Strength, Weakness,Opportunity, and threats. 5.1 Identifying company strengths: HTC Corporation is the Taiwan-based manufacturer for smartphone industry.HTC is most known for its innovation as the company is always expanding upon its product line—introducing new devices that support specific applications. HTC made its name as the company behind many of the most popular operator-branded devices on the market. It has established unique partnerships with key mobile brands, including the leading five operators in Europe, the top four in theUS, and many fast-growing Asian operators. It has also brought products to market with industry leading OEM partners and, since June 2006, under its own HTC brand. â€Å"HTC is one of the fastest-growing companies in the mobile sector and has achieved remarkable recognition over the past couple of years. Business Week ranked HTC as the second best performing technology company inAsiain 2007 as well as giving the company the number 3 spot in its Global listing in 2006† (HTC 2011). 5.2 Identifying company weaknesses: In the world,Taiwanis a small country with a small population. Hence, there is a small market for smartphones which limits the potential for sales. Because of the small market. 5.3 Identifying company’s market opportunities: Many OEM factories could brand their products easily. These factories could step out from OEM factories into a brand. BecauseTaiwanis such a small country, in order to meet increasing demand,Taiwan’s leading smartphone producer HTC likely will outsource its smartphone production. 5.4 Identifying of the threats to a company’s profitability: Because of the obvious dominance in the world market place,Chinabeing one of the largest countries in the world, besides theUnited States, definitely poses a large threat toTaiwan’s smartphone industry. The market place inChinais quite large, which consequently means there is more competition. The population inChinais quite large and because of the large population size, in the market place, there are more consumers which create a bigger demand for supply. Some other threats for theTaiwanmarketplace are other companies manufacturing cheap phones (many similar or substitute products). These cheap phones will affect the marketplace because those consumers who can’t afford the expensive items will buy these cheaper versions. These cheap phones may offer the same features but the quality might not be as good. Taiwan’s smartphone industry faces major competition from other companies’ worldwide (intense competition from major rivals). Some major competitors forTaiwanare as follows: 1) United States- Apple (iPhone) 2) Japan-Sony Ericcsson 3) Canada- Research In Motion aka RIM (BlackBerry) 4) Finland- Nokia 5) Samsung-Korea 6 Conclusion For a new firm that is considering entering the smartphone industry, the firm will need a lot of capital because intellectual property (IP) for smartphones is extremely important to license or create. Also, capital is necessary because lawsuits over patents are very common, which is probably a reason to avoid entering it altogether. Secondly, the smartphone industry is extremely fast moving; it’s a combination of computer technology (IT) with communication technology, a whole new industry called by some (ICT). So, as a result, good resources are needed in both areas. That’s the reason thatFinland’s Nokia is struggling in the market. Nokia never made computers. And the reasons above show why Apple is dominating the market with the iPhone. Apple has the computer know-how; they have tons of money for RD to churn out designs, as well as having a very strong brand name, which is another huge factor. So, without having an established brand, it will be extremely hard to enter the smartphone industry. Acer as well is trying to become competitive in the industry. Acer is trying to leverage its brand (which is only known for PCs so far) and experience in PC design and marketing. A lot of companies are trying to jump on the bandwagon, probably all big PC makers, as well as Google, so it will be quite tough for newcomers to get a share of the market. Every new product will be measured against the iPhone which has set itself as the standard for smartphones, as it’s hard to compete against it. Q2 In Richard Whittington’s book, â€Å"What is Strategy and does it Matter† he discusses four different approaches to strategy. The different approaches are as follows: 1)Classical 2)Evolutionary 3)Processual 4)Systemic When knowing the difference between these theories, businesses can choose which theory matches its needs. These four different strategic approaches are different in terms of their point of view and position. The classical approach focuses on long term goals and objectives and is top-down driven (internal plans). Managers using the classical approach focus on profit-maximization. The classical approach is analytical and its key influences are economics as well as military. The Evolutionary approach’s rationale is survival, while focusing on external (markets). The process behind the evolutionary approach is Darwinian, while its key influences are economics and biology. The Processual approach is vague while focusing on internal (politics/cognition). The processes behind this approach are bargaining and learning. Psychology is the primary influence for this approach.Systemic approach’s rationale is local while focusing on external (societies). While the process behind it is social and its key influence is Sociology. By using these four different strategic approaches, businesses are able to compare rational implications of the different theories while in various situations. Management in businesses faces the challenge of implementing as well as evaluating these various strategy-making approaches. While doing so, leaders in management can use these different theories in an effective manner. References HTC. (2011). About HTC-Company Info-HTC Mobile Phones Innovation. Available: http://www.htc.com/us/about. Last accessed 4th May 2011. Collins D. J., Cynthia A. M., (1995), Competing on Resources: Strategy in the 1990s, Harvard Business Rewiw 73 No. 4, pp. 118-28 D?Aveni, Richard A., (1994), Hypercompetition,New York: Free Press Ganapati, Priya . (2011). Strapped to Android, HTC Takes a Dizzying Ride to the Top. Available: http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/12/android-htc-profile/. Last accessed 4th May 2011. Hundeboll, K., (2003), Personal interwiev, Foreign Trade Director of DLG,Kobenhavn,Denmark Porter M.E., (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors,New York: Gree Press, Chapter 1. Porter M.E., (1985), Competitive Advantage,New York: Free Press, Chapter 2 Thompson A., Strickland A.J., (2001), Crafting and Executive Strategies, McGraw-Hill Education –Europe Wikipedia: PEST analysis [online]. (2011) [Accessed 6th May 2011]. Available from: . Zack M. H., (1999), Developing a Knowledge Strategy,California Management Review 41, No. 3, pp. 125-45. How to cite Analysis of the competitiveness of the Smartphone industry in Taiwan, Essay examples

Beyoud The Sex free essay sample

Young Beautiful, it tells us a story about how a 17-year-old girl named Isabella became a prostitute, and how did she get out of it. It happened in Sociables 17, because 17 is a special age for us. When we are 1 7, we are passionate and full of novelty. We want to get out of control from our parents; we want to become mature rapidly; we expect to leave the teenage world and become an adult; we eat the forbidden fruit on a sly; we attempt to explore who we are, and what the world is.But eventually, all of us will find the answer, though some Of us may take a detour. In the movie, Isabella works as a prostitute and lives in a secret life. Once one of her client John died when he was having sex with her, and her job was exposed to the police and her parents. When she went to the psychologist, the psychologist doubts why she wanted to do the job. We will write a custom essay sample on Beyoud The Sex or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indeed, every audience is curious about it. Why? Her family is not poor, and her mother gave her enough money to support her school life. She doesnt buy luxuries, and she just saved all the money she earned in the closet.Then why, why would she still do this filthy job? But Isabella replied, It was simpler, cleared. Apparently, it is simple. The old rich men with lots of money want to have sex with young beautiful girl. The purpose is undisguised and straight. It doesnt need any word, promise or flatter. And she charged the money to assess the worth of herself. It seems like she is exploring something. She is discovering her sexuality, and the relationship between male and female. She is eager to know everything about the complex world. However, why did she choose such a way? Ink it is related to her family and her childhood. Maybe it is a compensation for her natural father. So she is more curious about the sexuality and love. Her parents took apart when she was young. Though her stepfather is very kind, she still feels that she is the extra person in her family. And there is a large gap between she and her mother. She wants to have a rebellion. She needs a shortcut to be quickly independent and mature. She wants to jump out of the moral encumbrance. Maybe it results of her unsatisfactory fist time. And in the end, the talk withJohns wife seems to awake her. When the dark over, the dawn comes, all of these things seem like happening in the dream. The director left an opening ending for us, and he didnt show exactly what happened in the end. More importantly, it leads us to think above the girl, above the sexuality. Female sexual desire, self-recognizing, self identity, middle class interests, youth and growth, young and beautiful All Of them are leading us to a deeper exploration and meditation. And thats what beyond the sexuality; thats what movie brings to us.

Mansukh Securities and Finance Ltd. Essay Example

Mansukh Securities and Finance Ltd. Essay Company Profile.. We are Investment and Trading Solutions Provider. This has been our core business since more than two decades. Our group was founded in 1988 by Mr. J. U. Mansukhani an Ex. IES officer and U. N. O. advisor with decades of experience in capital markets. We are a Corporate Member of NSE ,BSE, NCDEX MCX and Depository Participant with NSDL and CDSL. Team Mansukh consists of qualified Professionals like M. B. As, C. As,Hardware and Software Engineers who tread the path of customer delight. Thus we are a Classic Mix of Youth and experience. We cater to the Investment and Trading needs of Retail Clients, HNIs, Corporates and Business Partners etc. You can choose your pick from the various Investment and Trading solutions customized to suit your needs. We have offices at more than 200 cities in India and a huge network of VSATs, Leased lines and modems. We use extended C-Band technology of HCL, arguably one of the best providers of VSAT Technology. We offer Equity Trading, Derivative Trading, Depositary services, Internet trading, PMS etc.. For more details about the company visit   www. moneysukh. com  . We are a Delhi based company and currently we are opening up with a new arbitrage setup at our ahmedabad branch. So the current profile is for ahmedabad branch. Profile:-  Doing System Arbitrage in two different markets applying  arbitrage strategies. (Profile would be related to hardcore finance) Designation:-  Derivative Analyst We will write a custom essay sample on Mansukh Securities and Finance Ltd. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mansukh Securities and Finance Ltd. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mansukh Securities and Finance Ltd. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Package:   Ã‚  Ã‚   2 Lakh (CTC) per annum (Rs. 15,050/- per month in hand Rs. 19,400/- as performance bonus at the end of one year) There would be monthly incentive depending on the performance after the probation period of 6 months. This incentive part is not included in the current CTC. Selection Procedure:-  1- Online Test 2- Case Study 3- Interview Joining: Immediate Selected Candidates have to sign three years bond  since its a hardcore finance job requires lots of training. Current package would be for one year Annual appraisal will take place based on the performance of the employee. Interested candidates should send their CV at [emailprotected] com Corporate Office: Mansukh Securities Finance Limited Mansukh House, Opp. Mother Dairy, Pandav Nagar, Delhi-92 Ph. No-011-30211888/887Mob:-9312459293 Ahmedabad Office: Part A B, 7th Floor, Trade Centre Stadium Circle, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad – 380009. Regards, Shirish Shah System Trading Head – Ahmedabad Mob: 09958419110

Richard M. Nixon Biography and Presidency

Richard M. Nixon Biography and Presidency Richard Nixons Childhood and Education: Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. He grew up in California in poverty, helping out at his fathers grocery store. He was raised a Quaker. He had two brothers die of tuberculosis. He went to local public schools. He graduated first in his high school class in 1930. he attended Whittier College from 1930-34 and graduated with a history degree. He then went to Duke University Law School and graduated in 1937. He was then admitted to the bar. Family Ties: Nixon was the of  Francis Frank Anthony Nixon, a gas station owner and grocer and  Hannah Milhous, a devout Quaker. He had four brothers.  On June 21, 1940, Nixon married  Thelma Catherine Pat Ryan, a Business Teacher. Together they had two  daughters, Patricia and Julie. Richard Nixons Career Before the Presidency: Nixon began practicing law in 1937. He tried his hand at owning a business which failed before joining the navy to serve in World War II. He rose to become a lieutenant commander and resigned in March, 1946. In 1947, he was elected a U.S. Representative. Then, in 1950 he became a U.S. Senator. He served in that capacity until being elected Vice President under Dwight Eisenhower in 1953. He ran for President in 1960 but lost to John F. Kennedy. He also lost the Governorship of California in 1962. Becoming the President: In 1968, Richard Nixon became the Republican candidate for President with Spiro Agnew as his Vice President. He defeated Democrat Hubert Humphrey and American Independent George Wallace. Nixon received 43% of the popular vote and 301 electoral votes.In 1972, he was the obvious choice for renomination with Agnew as his running mate again. He was opposed by Democrat George McGovern. He won with 61% of the vote and 520 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments of Richard Nixon’s Presidency: Nixon inherited  the war with Vietnam  and during his time in office, he cut the number of soldiers down from over 540,000 troops to 25,000. By 1972, all U.S. ground combat troops were withdrawn.On April 30, 1970, U.S. and South Vietnamese troops raided Cambodia to try and capture the Communist headquarters. Protests erupted around the nation. The most visible was at Kent State University. Students protesting at the campus were fired on by the Ohio National Guard killing four and wounding nine.In January 1973, a peace treaty was signed whereby all U.S. forces left withdrew from Vietnam, and all prisoners of war were released. Soon after the agreement, however, fighting resumed, and the Communists eventually won.In February 1972,  President Nixon  traveled to China to try and encourage peace and more contact between the two nations. He was the first to visit the country.Acts to protect the environment were huge during Nixons time in office. The  Environmental Protection Agen cy  was created in 1970. On July 20, 1969,  Apollo 11  landed on the moon and man took his first step outside of earth. This fulfilled Kennedys goal to land a man on the moon before the end of the decade.When Nixon ran for reelection, it was discovered that five individuals from the  Committee to Reelect the President  (CREEP) had broken into the Democratic National Headquarters at the  Watergate  business complex. Two reporters for the  Washington Post, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein,  uncovered a massive cover-up  of the break-in. Nixon had installed a taping system and when the Senate asked for tapes recorded during his time in office he refused to hand them over due to  executive privilege. The  Supreme Court  did not agree with him, and he was forced to give them up. The tapes showed that while Nixon was not involved in the break-in he was involved in its cover-up. In the end, Nixon resigned when he was faced with impeachment. He left office on August 9, 1974. Post-Presidential Period: After Richard Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, he retired to San Clemente, California. In 1974, Nixon was pardoned by President Gerald Ford. In 1985, Nixon mediated a dispute between major league baseball and the umpire association. He traveled extensively. He also provided advice to various politicians including the Reagan administration. He wrote about his experiences and foreign policy. Nixon died on April 22, 1994. Historical Significance: While many important events occurred during Nixons administration including the end of the Vietnam War, his visit to China, and putting a man on the moon, his time was marred by the Watergate Scandal. Faith in the office of the presidency declined with the revelations of this event, and the way that the press dealt with the office changed forever from this time on.

Dealing with a Grad School Rejection

Dealing with a Grad School Rejection You followed all the directions for applying to graduate school. You prepared for the GRE  and  obtained excellent recommendations  and still received a rejection letter from the graduate program of your dreams. What gives? Its difficult to learn that youre not among a grad program’s top choices, but more applicants are rejected than accepted to grad school. From a statistical standpoint, you have lots of company; competitive doctoral programs can receive 10 to 50 times as many graduate applicants than they can take. That probably doesnt make you feel any better, though. It may be particularly difficult if you were invited for an interview for graduate school; however, as many as 75 percent of applicants invited for interviews dont get into grad school. Why Was I Rejected? The simple answer is because there aren’t enough slots. Most graduate programs receive far more applications from qualified candidates than they can accept. Why were you eliminated  by a particular program? There is no way to tell for sure, but in many cases, applicants are rejected because they demonstrated poor fit. In other words, their interests and career aspirations didnt fit the program. For example, an applicant to a research-oriented clinical psychology program  who didn’t read the program materials carefully might be rejected for indicating an interest in practicing therapy. Alternatively, its simply a numbers game. In other words, a program may have 10 slots but 40 well-qualified applicants. In this case, decisions are often arbitrary and based on factors and whims that you cant predict. In these cases, it may simply be the luck of the draw. Seek Support You might find it difficult to inform family, friends, and professors of the bad news, but it is essential that you seek social support. Allow yourself to feel upset and acknowledge your feelings, then move forward. If you are rejected to every program to which you apply, reassess your goals, but don’t necessarily give up. Be Honest with Yourself Ask yourself some hard questions - and try your best to answer them honestly: Did you select schools carefully, paying attention to fit?Did you apply to enough programs?Did you complete all parts of each application?Did you spend enough time on your essays?Did you tailor your essays to each program?Did you have research experience?Did you have a field or applied experience?Did you know your referees well and did they have something to write about?Were most of your applications to highly competitive programs? Your answers to these questions may help you determine whether to reapply  next year, apply to a master’s program instead, or choose another career path. If you are firmly committed to attending graduate school, consider reapplying next year. Use the next few months to improve your academic record, seek research experience, and get to know professors. Apply to a wider range of schools (including safety schools), select programs more carefully, and thoroughly research each program.

Postural Changes associated with Pregnancy Literature review

Postural Changes associated with Pregnancy - Literature review Example But the curve of lumbar spine increases for most of the pregnant women during the last three months of pregnancy or a swayback posture is taken up by the body where they lean their upper body backward and the lower spine maintains the same position. Abdominal muscles and pubic bones in front of the pelvis support the weight of growing fetus as the curve of the lower spine increase and in the case of bodies which adopt the swayback position; pelvic ligaments and pelvic floor muscles experience more pressure because here the push is behind pubic bones. Most of the pregnant women keep their head back ward in order to balance their body from the forward pull exerted by the growing abdomen and as a result of which the thoracic spine loses its natural curve. The proximity of uterus to the respiratory diaphragm makes it difficult to take deep breath as the fetus grows and body uses an adjustment mechanism of spreading the lower ribs outward in order to make the process of breathing easier. Yet another change that takes place during pregnancy is in locomotion which is observable mainly during the third trimester. ... e â€Å"faulty body mechanisms† as the reason for back pain associated with pregnancy and according to him body changes its posture during pregnancy â€Å"to compensate for the weight of an enlarging fetus and to offset the progressive anterior displacement of their center of gravity. In so doing, the lumbar spine assumes a more lordotic configuration and the pelvis tilts forward† (Loftus 1996, p. 65). The weight-bearing responsibility is shifted to the posterior articular elements of the vertebral column. Mechanical advantages of the paraspinal muscles and the anterior abdominal wall muscles decreases as result of the pressure exerted on them and stress sacroiliac joints and the pelvis as the fetus grows. Abnormal mechanics of ambulation and lifting are observed as a result of the anatomical configuration changes in the spine and pelvis (Loftus 1996, p. 65). Loftus finds the role of a postural etiology as a support providing factor for most of the pregnancy related bac k pain theories which is contradicted by the hypothesis put forward by Fast et al and Hansson et al where the former support the Fahrni’s postural theory and his observations of absence of back pain in primitive societies where the people maintained a flexed lumbar structure for long periods during the day and the findings of the latter which argues that there is no relationship between back pain and the curvature of vertebral column. On the other hand, there are experts who believe that back pain originates as a result of changes which take place in sacroiliac joints and pelvis during pregnancy and Christopher observes that â€Å"biochemical changes related to increased ligamentous laxity in the symphysis pubis and sacroiliac joints contribute to a sacroiliac pain syndrome† (Loftus 1996, p. 65). Many

Position Paper on Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Position Paper on Global Warming - Essay Example However, all of such luxuries have been provided at a cost which is will be paid by the current and the next generations. Global warming is considered to be one of such costs. Global warming is an end product of the major boost in industrialization and deforestation in the past and current century which is causing alarming changes in the environment and temperature levels of the planet. 2. Causes of the Problem United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change explained that the rising of the burning of fossil fuel in vehicles, factories etc causes an alarming increment in the emissions of greenhouse gases that prove to be harmful for the environment (8). The green house gases are an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen dioxide (N2O). The accumulation of these gasses in the environment tends to trap the sun rays in the Earth’s atmosphere, rather than facilitating them to radiate back to the space. The retention of the heat rays from the sum tend s to cause an increment in the temperature of the planet and results in greenhouse effect. This is known as global warming. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change quoted figures that highlight the level of increment in the CO2 emissions in the past years; the boost in industrializations in the past 25 years caused an increment of emissions from 278 parts per million to an alarming high level of 379 parts per million in 2005 (8). Gore has done tremendous work with the aim of bringing about awareness regarding the crisis of global warming. He considered the production of power from fossil fuel burning as the biggest threat to global warming in the prevailing times and promotes immediate rectification of the source (4). Figure 1: Presence of CO2 in the environment over the years (Hoeven, 8) The above figure shows the increasing levels of CO2 in the environment for the past 40 years. It can also be noticed that the pace of increment has fastened since the beginning of the present century. Gore considered deforestation as the second major source of emissions of CO2 in the environment (187). The increasing trend of industrialization and urbanization has caused an increase in deforestation activities which leads to producing greater electricity and heat. Deforestation has dual effects on the environment. Firstly, upon cutting the trees the CO2 present in the trees is led out into the atmosphere. Secondly, trees are naturally equipped to absorb the CO2 from their surroundings; this natural cycle is disturbed when the trees are no longer present to absorb CO2. Toepfer explained another reason of the emergence of global warming; the depletion of ozone layer (2). Ozone layer serves as a shield (of molecules) from the intense heat rays from the sun. Toepfer stated after years of usage of manmade chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been concluded by scientists that these emissions cause the depletion of the ozone layer (2). CFCs are utilized in air conditioners, refrigerators, spray cans etc. The depletion of the ozone layer disturbs the natural process of protecting the planet from intense heat rays and results in increasing the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. 3. Effects of Global Warming The following figure shows the projected increasing temperature in the atmosphere of the planet that is predicted to bear even more disastrous effects in the future: Figure 2: Projected increase in

Most Opposition to Abortion Relies Essay Example for Free

Most Opposition to Abortion Relies Essay A Defense of Abortion Author(s): Judith Jarvis Thomson Source: Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Autumn, 1971), pp. 47-66 Published by: Blackwell Publishing Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2265091 Accessed: 10/01/2010 00:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [emailprotected] org. Blackwell Publishing is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophy and Public Affairs. http://www. jstor. org JUDITH JARVISTHOMSON A Defense of Abortion Most opposition to abortion relies on the premise that the fetus is a human being, a person, from the moment of conception. The premise is argued for, but, as I think, not well. Take, for example, the most common argument. We are asked to notice that the development of a human being from conception through birth into childhood is continuous; then it is said that to draw a line, to choose a point in this development and say before this point the thing is not a person, after this point it is a person is to make an arbitrary choice, a choice for which in the nature of things no good reason can be given. It is concluded that the fetus is, or anyway that we had better say it is, a person from the moment of conception. But this conclusion does not follow. Similar things might be said about the development of an acorn into an oak tree, and it does not follow that acorns are oak trees, or that we had better say they are. Arguments of this form are sometimes called slippery slope arguments-the phrase is perhaps self-explanatory-and it is dismaying that opponents of abortion rely on them so heavily and uncritically. I am inclined to agree, however, that the prospects for drawing a line in the development of the fetus look dim. I am inclined to think also that we shall probably have to agree that the fetus has already become a human person well before birth. Indeed, it comes as a surprise when one first learns how early in its life it begins to acquire human characteristics. By the tenth week, for example, it already has i. I am very much indebted to James Thomson for discussion, criticism, and many helpful suggestions. 48 Philosophy ; Public Affairs a face, arms and legs, fingers and toes; it has internal organs, and brain activity is detectable. 2 On the other hand, I think that the premise is false, that the fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. A newly fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn is an oak tree. But I shall not discuss any of this. For it seems to me to be of great interest to ask what happens if, for the sake of argument, we allow the premise. How, precisely, are we supposed to get from there to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible? Opponents of abortion commonly spend most of their time establishing that the fetus is a person, and hardly any time explaining the step from there to the impermissibility of abortion. Perhaps they think the step too simple and obvious to require much comment. Or perhaps instead they are simply being economical in argument. Many of those who defend abortion rely on the premise that the fetus is not a person, but only a bit of tissue that will become a person at birth; and why pay out more arguments than you have to? Whatever the explanation, I suggest that the step they take is neither easy nor obvious, that it calls for closer examination than it is commonly given, and that when we do give it this closer examination we shall feel inclined to reject it. I propose, then, that we grant that the fetus is a person. from the moment of conception. How does the argument go from here? Something like this, I take it. Every person has a right to life. So the fetus has a right to life. No doubt the mother has a right to decide what shall happen in and to her body; everyone would grant that. But surely a persons right to life is stronger and more stringent than the mothers right to decide what happens in and to her body, and so outweighs it. So the fetus may not be killed; an abortion may not be performed. It sounds plausible. But now let me ask you to imagine this. You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers 2. Daniel Callahan, Abortion: Law, Choice and Morality (New York, 1970), p. 373. This book gives a fascinating survey of the available information on abortion. The Jewish tradition is surveyed in David M. Feldman, Birth Control in Jewish Law (New York, i968), Part 5, the Catholic tradition in John T. Noonan, Jr. , An Almost Absolute Value in History, in The Morality of Abortion, ed. John T. Noonan, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass. , 1970). 49 A Defense of Abortion has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinists circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, Look, were sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you-we would never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist now is plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, its only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can safely be unplugged from you. Is it morally incumbent on you to accede to this situation? No doubt it would be very nice of you if you did, a great kindness. But do you have to accede to it? What if it were not nine months, but nine years? Or longer still? What if the director of the hospital says, Tough luck, I agree, but youve now got to stay in bed, with the violinist plugged into you, for the rest of your life. Because remember this. All persons have a right to life, and violinists are persons. Granted you have a right to decide what happens in and to your body, but a persons right to life outweighs your right to decide what happens in and to your body. So you cannot ever be unplugged from him. I imagine you would regard this as outrageous, which suggests that something really is wrong with that plausible-sounding argument I mentioned a moment ago. In this case, of course, you were kidnapped; you didnt volunteer for the operation that plugged the violinist into your kidneys. Can those who oppose abortion on the ground I mentioned make an exception for a pregnancy due to rape? Certainly. They can say that persons have a right to life only if they didnt come into existence because of rape; or they can say that all persons have a right to life, but that some have less of a right to life than others, in particular, that those who came into existence because of rape have less. But these statements have a rather unpleasant sound. Surely the question of whether you have a right to life at all, or how much of it you have, shouldnt turn on the question of whether or not you are the product of a rape. And in fact the people who oppose abortion on the ground I mentioned do not make this distinction, and hence do not make an exception in case of rape. 50 Philosophy ; Public Affairs Nor do they make an exception for a case in which the mother has to spend the nine months of her pregnancy in bed. They would agree that would be a great pity, and hard on the mother; but all the same, all persons have a right to ife, the fetus is a person, and so on. I suspect, in fact, that they would not make an exception for a case in which, miraculously enough, the pregnancy went on for nine years, or even the rest of the mothers life. Some wont even make an exception for a case in which continuation of the pregnancy is likely to shorten the mothers life; they regard abortion as impermissible even to save the mothers life. Such case s are nowadays very rare, and many opponents of abortion do not accept this extreme view. Moreover, in killing the child, one would be killing an innocent person, for the child has committed no crime, and is not aiming at his mothers death. And then there are a variety of ways in which this 3. The term direct in the arguments I refer to is a technical one. Roughly, what is meant by direct killing is either killing as an end in itself, or killing as a means to some end, for example, the end of saving someone elses life. See note 6, below, for an example of its use. 51 A Defense of Abortion might be continued. i) But as directly killing an innocent person is always and absolutely impermissible, an abortion may not be performed. Or, (2) as directly killing an innocent person is murder, and murder is always and absolutely impermissible, an abortion may not be performed. Because unplugging you would be directly killing an innocent violinist, and thats murder, and thats impermissible. If anything in the world is true, it is that you do not commit murder, you do not do what is impermissible, if you reach around to your back and unplug yourself from that violinist to save your life. The main focus of attention in writings on abortion has been on what a third party may or may not do in answer to a request from a woman for an abortion. This is in a way understandable. Things being as they are, there isnt much a woman can safely do to abort herself. So the question asked is what a third party may do, and what the mother may do, if it is mentioned at all, is deduced, almost as an afterthought, from what it is concluded that third parties may do. But it seems to me that to treat the matter in this way is to refuse to grant to the mother that very status of person which is so firmly insisted on for the fetus. For we cannot simply read off what a person may do from what a third party may do. Suppose you find yourself trapped in a tiny house with a growing child. I mean a very tiny house, and a rapidly growing child-you are already up against the wall f the house and in a few minutes youll be crushed to death. The child on the other hand wont be crushed to death; if nothing is done to stop him from growing hell be hurt, but in the end hell simply burst open the house and walk out a free man. Now I could well understand it if a bystander were to say, Theres nothing we can do for you. We cannot choose between your life and his, we cann ot be the ones to decide who is to live, we cannot intervene. But it cannot be concluded that you too can do nothing, that you cannot attack it to save your life. However innocent the child may be, you do not have to wait passively while it crushes you to death. Perhaps a pregnant woman is vaguely felt to have the status of house, to which we dont allow the 53 A Defense of Abortion right of self-defense. But if the woman houses the child, it should be remembered that she is a person who houses it. 1 should perhaps stop to say explicitly that I am not claiming that people have a right to do anything whatever to save their lives. I think, rather, that there are drastic limits to the right of self-defense. If someone threatens you with death unless you torture someone else to death, I think you have not the right, even to save your life, to do so. But the case under consideration here is very different. In our case there are only two people involved, one whose life is threatened, and one who threatens it. Both are innocent: the one who is threatened is not threatened because of any fault, the one who threatens does not threaten because of any fault. For this reason we may feel that we bystanders cannot intervene. But the person threatened can. In sum, a woman surely can defend her life against the threat to it posed by the unborn child, even if doing so involves its death. And this shows not merely that the theses in (i) through (4) are false; it shows also that the extreme view of abortion is false, and so we need not canvass any other possible ways of arriving at it from the argument I mentioned at the outset. 2. The extreme view could of course be weakened to say that while abortion is permissible to save the mothers life, it may not be performed by a third party, but only by the mother herself. But this cannot be right either. For what we have to keep in mind is that the mother and the unborn child are not like two tenants in a small house which has, by an unfortunate mistake, been rented to both: the mother owns the house. The fact that she does adds to the offensiveness of deducing that the mother can do nothing from the supposition that third parties can do nothing. But it does more than this: it casts a bright light on the supposition that third parties can do nothing. Certainly it lets us see that a third party who says I cannot choose between you is fooling himself if he thinks this is impartiality. If Jones has found and fastened on a certain coat, which he needs to keep him from freezing, but which Smith also needs to keep him from freezing, then it is not impartiality that says I cannot choose between you when Smith owns the coat. Women have said again and again This body is my body! and they have reason to feel angry, reason to feel that it has been like shouting into the wind. Smith, after all, is 54 Philosophy Public Affairs hardly likely to bless us if we say to him, Of course its your coat, anybody would grant that it is. But no one may choose between you and Jones who is to have it. We should really ask what it is that says no one may choose in the face of the fact that the body that houses the child is the mothers body. It may be simply a failure to appreciate this fact. But it may be something more interesting, namely the sense that one has a right to refuse to lay hands on people, even where it would be just and fair to do so, even where justice seems to require t hat somebody do so. Thus justice might call for somebody to get Smiths coat back from Jones, and yet you have a right to refuse to be the one to lay hands on Jones, a right to refuse to do physical violence to him. This, I think, must be granted. But then what should be said is not no one may choose, but only I cannot choose, and indeed not even this, but I will not act, leaving it open that somebody else can or should, and in particular that anyone in a position of authority, with the job of securing peoples rights, both can and should. So this is no difficulty. I have not been arguing that any given third party must accede to the mothers request that he perform an abortion to save her life, but only that he may. I suppose that in some views of human life the mothers body is only on loan to her, the loan not being one which gives her any prior claim to it. One who held this view might well think it impartiality to say I cannot choose. But I shall simply ignore this possibility. My own view is that if a human being has any just, prior claim to anything at all, he has a just, prior claim to his own body. And perhaps this neednt be argued for here anyway, since, as I mentioned, the arguments against abortion we are looking at do grant that the woman has a right to decide what happens in and to her body. But although they do grant it, I have tried to show that they do not take seriously what is done in granting it. I suggest the same thing will reappear even more clearly when we turn away from cases in which the mothers life is at stake, and attend, as I propose we now do, to the vastly more common cases in which a woman wants an abortion for some less weighty reason than preserving her own life. 3. Where the mothers life is not at stake, the argument I mentioned at the outset seems to have a much stronger pull. Everyone 55 A Defense of Abortion as a right to life, so the unborn person has a right to life. And isnt the childs right to life weightier than anything other than the mothers own right to life, which she might put forward as ground for an abortion? This argument treats the right to life as if it were unproblematic. It is not, and this seems to me to be precisely the source of the mistake. For we should now, at long last, ask what it comes to, to have a right to life. In so me views having a right to life includes having a right to be given at least the bare minimum one needs for continued life. But suppose that what in fact is the bare minimum a man needs for continued life is something he has no right at all to be given? If I am sick unto death, and the only thing that will save my life is the touch of Henry Fondas cool hand on my fevered brow, then all the same, I have no right to be given the touch of Henry Fondas cool hand on my fevered brow. It would be frightfully nice of him to fly in from the West Coast to provide it. It would be less nice, though no doubt well meant, if my friends flew out to the West Coast and carried Henry Fonda back with them. But I have no right at all against anybody that he should do this for me. Or again, to return to the story I told earlier, the fact that for continued life that violinist needs the continued use of your kidneys does not establish that he has a right to be given the continued use of your kidneys. He certainly has no right against you that you should give him continued use of your kidneys. For nobody has any right to use your kidneys unless you give him such a right; and nobody has the right against you that you shall give him this right-if you do allow him to go on using your kidneys, this is a kindness on your part, and not something he can claim from you as his due. Nor has he any right against anybody else that they should give him continued use of your kidneys. Certainly he had no right against the Society of Music Lovers that they should plug him into you in the first place. And if you now start to unplug yourself, having learned that you will otherwise have to spend nine years in bed with him, there is nobody in the world who must try to prevent you, in order to see to it that he is given something he has a right to be given. Some people are rather stricter about the right to life. In their view, it does not include the right to be given anything, but amounts to, 56 Philosophy Public Affairs and only to, the right not to be killed by anybody. But here a related difficulty arises. If everybody is to refrain from killing that violinist, then everybody must refrain from doing a great many different sorts of things. Everybody must refrain from slitting his throat, everybody must refrain from shooting him-and everybody must refrain from unplugging you from him. But does he have a right against everybody that they shall refrain from unplugging you from him? To refrain from doing this is to allow him to continue to use your kidneys. It could be argued that he has a right against us that we should allow him to continue to use your kidneys. That is, while he had no right against us that we should give him the use of your kidneys, it might be argued that he anyway has a right against us that we shall not now intervene and deprive him of the use of your kidneys. I shall come back to third-party interventions later. But certainly the violinist has no right against you that you shall allow him to continue to use your kidneys. As I said, if you do allow him to use them, it is a kindness on your part, and not something you owe him. The difficulty I point to here is not peculiar to the right to life. It reappears in connection with all the other natural rights; and it is something which an adequate account of rights must deal with. For present purposes it is enough just to draw attention to it. But I would stress that I am not arguing that people do not have a right to lifequite to the contrary, it seems to me that the primary control we must place on the acceptability of an account of rights is that it should turn out in that account to be a truth that all persons have a right to life. I am arguing only that having a right to life does not guarantee having either a right to be given the use of or a right to be allowed continued use of another persons body-even if one needs it for life itself. So the right to life will not serve the opponents of abortion in the very simple and clear way in which they seem to have thought it would. 4. There is another way to bring out the difficulty. In the most ordinary sort of case, to deprive someone of what he has a right to is to treat him unjustly. Suppose a boy and his small brother are jointly given a box of chocolates for Christmas. If the older boy takes the box and refuses to give his brother any of the chocolates, he is unjust to -him, for the brother has been given a right to half of them. But 57 A Defense of Abortion uppose that, having learned that otherwise it means nine years in bed with that violinist, you unplug yourself from him. You surely are not being unjust to him, for you gave him no right to use your kidneys, and no one else can have given him any such right. But we have to notice that in unplugging yourself, you are killing him; and violinists, like everybody else, have a right to life, and thus in the view we wer e considering just now, the right not to be killed. So here you do what he supposedly has a right you shall not do, but you do not act unjustly to him in doing it. The emendation which may be made at this point is this: the right to life consists not in the right not to be killed, but rather in the right not to be killed unjustly. This runs a risk of circularity, but never mind: it would enable us to square the fact that the violinist has a right to life with the fact that you do not act unjustly toward him in unplugging yourself, thereby killing him. For if you do not kill him unjustly, you do not violate his right to life, and so it is no wonder you do him no injustice. But if this emendation is accepted, the gap in the argument against abortion stares us plainly in the face: it is by no means enough to show that the fetus is a person, and to remind us that all persons have a right to life-we need to be shown also that killing the fetus violates its right to life, i. e. , that abortion is unjust killing. And is it? I suppose we may take it as a datum that in a case of pregnancy due to rape the mother has not given the unborn person a right to the use of her body for food and shelter. Indeed, in what pregnancy could it be supposed that the mother has given the unborn person such a right? It is not as if there were unborn persons drifting about the world, to whom a woman who wants a child says I invite you in. But it might be argued that there are other ways one can have acquired a right to the use of another persons body than by having been invited to use it by that person. Suppose a woman voluntarily indulges in intercourse, knowing of the chance it will issue in pregnancy, and then she does become pregnant; is she not in part responsible for the presence, in fact the very existence, of the unborn person inside her? No doubt she did not invite it in. But doesnt her partial responsibility for its being there itself give it a right to the use of her 58 Philosophy ; Public Affairs body? 7 If so, then her aborting it would be more like the boys taking away the chocolates, and less like your unplugging yourself from the violinist-doing so would be depriving it of what it does have a right to, and thus would be doing it an injustice. And then, too, it might be asked whether or not she can kill it even to save her own life: If she voluntarily called it into existence, how can she now kill it, even in self-defense? The first thing to be said about this is that it is something new. Opponents of abortion have been so concerned to make out the independence of the fetus, in order to establish that it has a right to life, just as its mother does, that they have tended to overlook the possible support they might gain from making out that the fetus is dependent on the mother, in order to establish that she has a special kind of responsibility for it, a responsibility that gives it rights against her which are not possessed by any independent person-such as an ailing violinist who is a stranger to her. On the other hand, this argument would give the unborn person a right to its mothers body only if her pregnancy resulted from a voluntary act, undertaken in full knowledge of the chance a pregnancy might result from it. It would leave out entirely the unborn person whose existence is due to rape. Pending the availability of some further argument, then, we would be left with the conclusion that unborn persons whose existence is due to rape have no right to the use of their mothers bodies, and thus that aborting them is not depriving them of anything they have a right to and hence is not unjust killing. And we should also notice that it is not at all plain that this argument really does go even as far as it purports to. For there are cases and cases, and the details make a difference. If the room is stuffy, and I therefore open a window to air it, and a burglar climbs in, it would be absurd to say,Ah, now he can stay, shes given him a right to the use of her house-for she is partially responsible for his presence there, having voluntarily done what enabled him to get in, in full knowledge that there are such things as burglars, and that burglars 7. The need for a discussion of this argument was brought home to me by members of the Society for Ethical and Legal Philosophy, to whom this paper was originally presented. 59 A Defense of Abortion burgle. It would be still more absurd to say this if I had had bars installed outside my windows, precisely to prevent burglars from getting in, and a burglar got in only because of a defect in the bars. It remains equally absurd if we imagine it is not a burglar who climbs in, but an innocent person who blunders or falls in. Again, suppose it were like this: people-seeds drift about in the air like pollen, and if you open your windows, one may drift in and take root in your carpets or upholstery. You dont want children, so you fix up your windows with fine mesh screens, the very best you can buy. As can happen, however, and on very, very rare occasions does happen, one of the screens is defective; and a seed drifts in and takes root. Does the person-plant who now develops have a right to the use of your house? Surely not-despite the fact that you voluntarily opened your windows, you knowingly kept carpets and upholstered furniture, and you knew that screens were sometimes defective. Someone may argue that you are responsible for its rooting, that it does have a right to your house, because after all you could have lived out your life with bare floors and furniture, or with sealed windows and doors. But this wont do-for by the same token anyone can avoid a pregnancy due to rape by having a hysterectomy, or anyway by never leaving home without a (reliable! army. It seems to me that the argument we are looking at can establish at most that there are some cases in which the unborn person has a right to the use of its mothers body, and therefore some cases in which abortion is unjust killing. There is room for much discussion and argument as to precisely which, if any. But I think we should sidestep this issue and leave it open, for at any rate the argument certainly does not establish that al l abortion is unjust killing. 5. There is room for yet another argument here, however. We surely must all grant that there may be cases in which it would be morally indecent to detach a person from your body at the cost of his life. Suppose you learn that what the violinist needs is not nine years of your life, but only one hour: all you need do to save his life is to spend one hour in that bed with him. Suppose also that letting him use your kidneys for that one hour would not affect your health in the slightest. Admittedly you were kidnapped. Admittedly you did not give 6o Philosophy Public Affairs anyone permission to plug him into you. Nevertheless it seems to me plain you ought to allow him to use your kidneys for that hour-it would be indecent to refuse. Again, suppose pregnancy lasted only an hour, and constituted no threat to life or health. And suppose that a woman becomes pregnant as a result of rape. Admittedly she did not voluntarily do anything to bring about the existence of a child. Admittedly she did nothing at all which would give the unborn person a right to the use of her body. All the same it might well be said, as in the newly emended violinist story, that she ought to allow it to remain for that hour-that it would be indecent in her to refuse. Now some people are inclined to use the term rightin such a way that it follows from the fact that you ought to allow a person to use your body for the hour he needs, that he has a right to use your body for the hour he needs, even though he has not been given that right by any person or act. They may say that it follows also that if you refuse, you act unjustly toward him. This use of the term is perhaps so common that it cannot be called wrong; nevertheless it seems to me to be an unfortunate loosening of what we would do better to keep a tight rein on. Suppose that box of chocolates I mentioned earlier had not been given to both boys jointly, but was given only to the older boy. There he sits, stolidly eating his way through the box, his small brother watching enviously. Here we are likely to say Youought not to be so mean. You ought to give your brother some of those chocolates. My own view is that it just does not follow from the truth of this that the brother has any right to any of the chocolates. If the boy refuses to give his brother any, he is greedy, stingy, callous-but not unjust. I suppose that the people I have in mind will say it does follow that the brother has a right to some of the chocolates, and thus that the boy does act unjustly if he refuses to give his brother any. But the effect of saying this is to obscure what we should keep distinct, namely the difference between the boys refusal in this case and the boys refusal in the earlier case, in which the box was given to both boys jointly, and in which the small brother thus had what was from any point of view clear title to half. A further objection to so using the term rightthat from the fact that A ought to do a thing for B, it follows that B has a right against A 6I A Defense of Abortion that A do it for him, is that it is going to make the question of whether or not a man has a right to a thing turn on how easy it is to provide him with it; and this seems not merely unfortunate, but morally unacceptable. Take the case of Henry Fonda again. I said earlier that I had no right to the touch of his cool hand on my fevered brow, even though I needed it to save my life. I said it would be frightfully nice of him to fly in from the West Coast to provide me with it, but that I had no right against him that he should do so. But suppose he isnt on the West Coast. Suppose he has only to walk across the room, place a hand briefly on my brow-and lo, my life is saved. Then surely he ought to do it, it would be indecent to refuse. Is it to be said Ah, well, it follows that in this case she has a right to the touch of his hand on her brow, and so it would be an injustice in him to refuse? So that I have a right to it when it is easy for him to provide it, though no right when its hard? Its rather a shocking idea that anyones rights should fade away and disappear as it gets harder and harder to accord them to him. So my own view is that even though you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for the one hour he needs, we should not conclude that he has a right to do so-we should say that if you refuse, you are, like the boy who owns all the chocolates and will give none away, self-centered and callous, indecent in fact, but not unjust. And similarly, that even supposing a case in which a woman pregnant due to rape ought to allow the unborn person to use her body for the hour he needs, we should not conclude that he has a right to do so; we should conclude that she is self-centered, callous, indecent, but not unjust, if she refuses. The complaints are no less grave; they are just different. However, there is no need to insist on this point. If anyone does wish to deduce he has a ight from you ought, then all the same he must surely grant that there are cases in which it is not morally required of you that you allow that violinist to use your kidneys, and in which he does not have a right to use them, and in which you do not do him an injustice if you refuse. And so also for mother and unborn child. Except in such cases as the unborn person has a right to demand it-and we were leaving open the possibility that there may be such cases-nobody is morally required to make large sacrifices, of health, of all other interes ts and concerns, of all other duties 62 Philosophy Public Affairs and commitments, for nine years, or even for nine months, in order to keep another person alive. 6. We have in fact to distinguish between two kinds of Samaritan: the Good Samaritan and what we might call the Minimally Decent Samaritan. The story of the Good Samaritan, you will remember, goes like this: A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And by chance there came down a certain priest that way; and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. And likewise a Levite, when he was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was; and when he saw him he had compassion on him. And went to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow, when he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them to the host, and said unto him, Take care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee. (Luke I0:30-35) The Good Samaritan went out of his way, at some cost to himself, to help one in need of it. We are not told what the options were, that is, whether or not the priest and the Levite could have helped by doing less than the Good Samaritan did, but assuming they could have, then the fact they did nothing at all shows they were not even Minimally Decent Samaritans, not because they were not Samaritans, but because they were n ot even minimally decent. These things are a matter of degree, of course, but there is a difference, and it comes out perhaps most clearly in the story of Kitty Genovese, who, as you will remember, was murdered while thirtyeight people watched or listened, and did nothing at all to help her. A Good Samaritan would have rushed out to give direct assistance 63 A Defense of Abortion against the murderer. Or perhaps we had better allow that it would have been a Splendid Samaritan who did this, on the ground that it would have involved a risk of death for himself. But the thirty-eight not only did not do this, they did not even trouble to pick up a phone to call the police. Minimally Decent Samaritanism would call for doing at least that, and their not having done it was monstrous. After telling the story of the Good Samaritan, Jesus said Go, and do thou likewise. Perhaps he meant that we are morally required to act as the Good Samaritan did. Perhaps he was urging people to do more than is morally required of them. At all events it seems plain that it was not morally required of any of the thirty-eight that he rush out to give direct assistance at the risk of his own life, and that it is not morally required of anyone that he give long stretches of his lifenine years or nine months-to sustaining the life of a person who has no special right (we were leaving open the possibility of this) to demand it. Indeed, with one rather striking class of exceptions, no one in any country in the world is legally required to do anywhere near as much as this for anyone else.

College Admissions Essay: I Shall Break Free :: College Admissions Essays

I Shall Break Free    If words could say all they mean then life would be easy. I try to speak, but nothing ever comes from my mouth. Mind full of thoughts with no way to get them out. Expressions come but do not mean what they say. Each try brings a blundering mess of a jumble of words, no meaning to anyone in what they say. Try and speak only to be ignored by empty space. Each thought whole in my head, not even a fragment in my mouth. No matter what I try, my mind still flows free with no way to express it. Night comes with anticipation of a voice to come from my head. Always try yet words still do not come. Around conversation happens like I dream of, yet I can still utter nothing but silence. Break the silence, with mindless speech no meaning in either's voice. I search deep for my being that brings with it my mind, but I try to no avail. If only my mind would work. How can I make it? Too many tries come up empty. More chances come so I continue to search my soul for the voice that I have long since lost. Once I knew it, and could call for and receive at any time. What was it I did? I do not know, but it has been scared too deep inside me. Must find, for without it I am as good as a mute. Still I talk, but with no meaning.

Chuck E Cheeses

Chuck E. Cheese’s â€Å"Where A Kid Can Be A Kid† Yvonne Bell-White The Catholic University of America This paper was prepared for Financial Decision Making, MBU 652, Summer 2011, taught by Professor Howard S. Steed, PhD Abstract In this analysis paper I choose to learn about Chuck E. Cheeses. I demonstrate my understanding of the categories of Financial Statement Analysis, which includes – profitability, liquidity, activity and debt (leverage). Our class was assigned a company for financial scrutiny and to obtain financial statements (Balance Sheet, Income Statement, and Cash Flow Statement), from the company’s most recent Annual Report. We are to prepare a written analysis of the organization with the following requirements: 1) describing the product or service marketed by the company; 2) evaluate the company in terms of the financial ratios we believe are most helpful in understanding the company’s performance; and 3) include a financial forecast for the said company for the next 2-3 years. We were asked to include an estimate of the company’s prospects for the company industry for the years ahead. Finally, the students were asked to give an oral presentation to the class using this information. I choose to do my analysis of a company called Chuck E. Cheese’s. This paper will explain what I’ve learned about the financial statement analysis categories. Chuck E. Cheese’s â€Å"Where A Kid Can Be A Kid† This class was assigned a company for financial scrutiny and to obtain financial statements (Balance Sheet, Income Statement, and Cash Flow Statement), from the company’s most recent Annual Report. We are to prepare a written analysis of the organization with the following requirements: 1) describing the product or service marketed by the company; 2) evaluate the company in terms of the financial ratios we believe are most helpful in nderstanding the company’s performance; and 3) include a financial forecast for the said company for the next 2-3 years. We were asked to include an estimate of the company’s prospects for the company industry for the years ahead. Finally, the students were asked to give an oral presentation to the class using this information. I choose to do my analysis o f a company called Chuck E. Cheese’s. In 1977, Nolan Bushnell, also known as the father of the video arcade industry, for his formation of Atari, Inc. , founded Chuck E. Cheese Pizza-Time Theaters. It’s a nationally recognized leader in family dining and entertainment. Chuck E Cheese’s is located in 48 states and seven foreign countries or territories. Each store feature musical and comic entertainment by robotic and animated characters, arcade-style and skill-oriented games, rides and many other activities to appeal to families and children between the ages of two to twelve. Chuck E. Cheese stores offers a variety dinning selection consisting of pizza, sandwiches, salad bar and desserts. There business development strategy is focused on maintaining and evolving their existing stores, by developing high sales volume company-owned stores in primarily densely populated areas and selling franchises in domestic and international markets. Chuck E Cheeses are typically opened in shopping centers or free standing buildings near shopping centers As of January 2, 2011, they employ approximate 17,300 employees – 17,000 field based and 300 located at the headquarters. Before investing into a company you should follow expert’s advice. Experts insist on the importance of research and doing your homework before you decide to invest in a company. In other words, dig deep into the company’s financial statement and examine everything from the auditor’s report to the company’s references. Begin your homework by doing a Financial Statement Analysis. The financial statement analysis is how you will identify the company’s financial strengths and weaknesses from understanding the items of the balance sheet. The categories of the financial statement analysis are: Profitability, Liquidity, Activity and Debt (Leverage). Profitability can be expressed as a group of financial metrics used to measure a company’s ability to make a profit as compared to its expenses, including costs acquired during a particular period of time. In doing my homework on my company, Chuck E. Cheese’s, I began with Profitability from the categories on the financial statement analysis, and continued to move through the other categories – Liquidity, Activity and Debt (Leverage). PROFITABILITY Profitability: return on assets (ROA); return on equity (ROE), price/earnings ration (P/E ration), dividend yield and dividend pay-out ration. Return On Assets (ROA) determines the effectiveness with which a company distributes and manages its resources. ROA is expressed as net income divided by the average total assets. The return on assets for Chuck E. Cheese’s is 7%. The amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. Return On Equity (ROE) determines a company’ profitability by showing how much profit a company makes with the money shareholders have invested. Therefore the Return on Equity (ROE) is expressed as a percentage and calculated as the net income/average owners’ equity. The return on equity for Chuck E Cheese’s is 33% Assessing the ration of a company’s current share price compared to its per-share earnings is called the Price/Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) and is calculated as the market price of common stock divided by the earnings per share and he P/E Ratio for Chuck E. Cheese’s is . 15%. The Dividend Yield is a way to compare the attractiveness various dividend paying stocks. The dividend yield advises an investor the yield he/she can look forward to if he/she purchases stock from the company. To calculate the dividend yield, divide the annual dividend per share by the market price per share. Chuck E Cheese’s did not have the figures written in its annual report to perform calculations. The Dividend Pay-Out Ratio tell how well a company’s earnings supports the dividend payments. It is calculated by dividing the annual dividend per share by the earnings per share. Chuck E Cheese did not have the figures written in its annual report to perform calculations LIQUIDITY One determinant of a company’s debt capacity is the liquidity of its assets. An asset is liquid if it can be readily converted to cash, while a liability is liquid if it must be repaid in the near future. Liquidity is the company’s working capital, current ration and acid-test ration. The components of Liquidity are Working Capital, Current Ratio and Acid Test Ratio. The Working Capital measures both the company’s effectiveness and it’s immediate financial health. The working capital ration is calculated by subtracting the current assets from the current liabilities. The Working Capital for my company is $-17,210. A positive working capital means that the company will be able to pay its short-term liabilities. A negative working capital means a company can not pay its short-term liabilities. The Current Ration is used to provide an idea of the company’s ability to pay back its short-term liabilities. To calculate the current ration you would divide the current assets by the current liabilities. Chuck E. Cheese’s current ration is . 98. A high ration indicates a copy can pay its obligations. But on the other hand, if the current ration is under 1, the company would not be able to pay its obligations. The Acid-Test Ratio serves as a sign that help determine whether a company has enough short-term assets to cover the company’s immediate liabilities with out selling its inventory. The acid-test ration is calculated by cash, plus accounts receivable divided by current liabilities. The acid-test ratio for Chuck E. Cheese’s is 58%. If the ratio is less than 1 a company cannot pay their current liabilities and should be looked at with extreme caution. ACTIVITY MEASURES The Activity Measure measures the volume of activity and is used as a basis for allocating costs. To activity measure includes Accounts Receivable Turnover and Inventory Turnover. The Accounts Receivable Turnover (A/R) ratio is the number of times that accounts receivable amounts are collected within the year. If the A/R Turnover is high the company has a tight credit policy. If the A/R Turnover is low it says the company has a collection problem. To calculate the A/R Turnover – divide the sales by the average A/R. The A/R Turnover for Chuck E Cheese is 27. 57 The Inventory Turnover the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) divided by the Average Inventory. This show how many times a company’s inventory is sold and replaced of a period of time. The Inventory Turnover for my company Chuck E. Cheese’s is 53. 44 (number of days for turnover) DEBT (Leverage) The Debt (Leverage) includes the categories of Debt Ratio and Debt/Equity Ratio. The Debt Ratio explains what part of a company’s debt has relative to its assets. It gives an idea of leverage and the potential risks the company could face. To calculate the Debt Ratio divide the total liabilities by the total liabilities plus owners’ equity. The Debt Ratio for Chuck E. Cheese’s is 79. The Debt/Equity Ratio can be calculated by dividing the total liabilities by the total owners’ equity. The Debt/Equity Ratio for Chuck E. Cheeses’ is . 39. The Debt/Equity Ratio measures a company’s financial leverage and says what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. Chuck E. Cheeses have an opportunity to further expand globally. They have formalized a strategic plan for international growth and are actively seeking franchise partners in key Latin American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Mexico and Panama. As with any company, doing your research and homework before investing is very important. I enjoyed learning about Chuck E Cheese finance and look forward to maybe one day owning my own franchise. After my research I have new idea for expansion and one day hope to invest.

Child Labor Paper Essay

Child labor reached new heights during the Industrial Revolution. Due to this, it lead to an increase in the â€Å"percentage of children ten to fifteen years of age who were gainfully employed. Although the official figure of 1.75 million significantly understates the true number, it indicates that at least 18 percent of these children were employed in 1900. In southern cotton mills, 25 percent of the employees were below the age of fifteen, with half of these children below age twelve† (History). Businesses forced children to work excessive hours in dangerous factory conditions with minimal payment. At an attempt to combat child labor a few steps were taken. The creation of new technologic machinery limited the need for children to fulfill tasks. In addition, businesses required higher levels of education in order to be even considered for the job. Congress created the child labor law in 1938 as another way to combat this issue. Although child labor has mostly been eliminate d it still poses a problem in other areas throughout the world, especially in developing countries. For example, in China children between the ages of 5 and 17 are being taken advantage of through what their government calls â€Å"Educational Labor.† This means that schools would have the ability to make their students grow and harvest crops, but instead most schools â€Å"abuse this law and they end up forcing the children to do a heavy amount of labor† (Sites). The ILO’s Statistical Information and Monitoring Program on Child Labor recently submitted their estimates that 211 million children, or 18 % of children aged 5-14, are economically active worldwide. The two major components of this statistic is Asia, which consists of 60% those working children and Africa, which has 23% child labor. Non-governmental organization, commonly referred to as NGO’s, strongly disapprove of child labor and engage in strong efforts in order to give the children their freedom. They view it as a just act and most people would agree, but they do not think of the negative aspects that arise when the children are no longer employed. As a result, the children and family members go hungry, since they heavily rely on their employment to contribute to the family’s well-being. Additionally, once the NGO’s shut down the sweatshops there are no further actions taken afterwards. Meaning nothing is done in order to ensure the children are taken care of, go back to school, or financially compensated. They simply celebrate the factory closing as a victory and do not realize the big picture. history.com/topics/child-labor sites.google.com/a/tapa.tp.edu.tw/modern-day-slavery/child-labor/child-labor-in-china

The Greek Civilization Essays

The Greek Civilization Essays The Greek Civilization Essay The Greek Civilization Essay The Greek civilization was thefirst European civilization.At this point in time religion is not prevalent or influential.The European religion was borrowed from the Middle East.There are two main contributions from the Greek civilization.They were politics and secular.Polis the Greek word for city state is where politics came from.They had modern politics with thefirst democracy.It was divided into city-states that rule themselves in a democratic fashion.With this they have the majority vote.Secular was the non-religious way of looking at things.It was based on assumptions that human beings can use their own mental power to grasp the world they are living in. Thefirst two Greek civilizations were the Minoan civilization and the Mycenaean civilization.The Minoan civilization was the Island of Crete.This civilization was a very peaceful one surrounded by water.It was advanced in the fields of architecture, art, and indoor plumbing.It had no military fortification, with not too many weapons.No one knows why it disappeared.The Mycenaean civilization arouse on the Greek mainland.The inhabitants of this were not natives of Greece.It was not a unified civilization that was composed of independent city-states.It was an uncultured and illiterate civilization that was always fighting.The priests did not exercise a huge amount of power. The next thing that happened to Greece was the Dark Ages.This is when the Minoans disappeared and the Mycenaeans entered a period of deep decline.No one could write and all achievements are wiped out.Very little is known of this time in history.Then the Renaissance came about which recovered the ability to write.It was a very artistic period.At this time the Classical Greek Ages began and it set standards and styles. Classical Greece was independent and self-governed by a direct democracy.This works because the population is low.The citi

Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility Case Study Essay - 1

Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility Case Study - Essay Example The waste material in itself is a mixture of trade, commercial and domestic wastes, and items that have been confiscated from customs and police departments. Also, the facilities and equipment that are fit and used in Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility heighten the need to consider the legal implications of BTRF. This state above especially due to the fact that by the magnitude of the equipment and facilities that are found in BTRF directly and readily warrants the need to factor environmental and economic implications in BTRF’s existence and operations. Among these facilities, materials and equipment are: an incinerator that has the capacity to burn municipal waste at about 16 tonnes per hour; the waste types that are collected and transported to the site; a large and deep reception pit; supplementary oil fired burners which ensure that temperature does not fall below 8500 C at all times; heat recovery boiler; a gas stream; filters; and international catering wastes. The BTFR h as also had total operational hours that run up to 6,793. This means that Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility is a busy site which must be guided by proper safety regulations which are founded upon environmental, economic and legal concerns. Because of this, the need to consider or craft policies that define legal, economic and environmental concerns of a plant as large as the Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility is paramount. As a consultant, it is therefore necessary to divulge details on legal liabilities that may arise from the environmental impacts of operating Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility and the necessary measures that need to be taken to ensure compliance with relevant consents. 1. The Policy, Environmental and Economic Drivers for the Development and Operation of the Facility The economic drivers for the development and operation of Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility are far reaching and should thus be seriously taken into consideration. For one, BTRF is run by Europe’s l argest public waste contract which is the Greater Manchester deal, which in turn costs 3.8 pounds. BTRF also deals with an array of numerous materials and energy recovery facilities, as previously mentioned. The fact that BTRF also has to combine RDF production processes and MBT-AD technological processes further stresses the magnitude of BTRF’s economic significance. Bedeyore (2010) points out that it is also important to consider the fact that the economic significance of BTRF dares back to 2009 when it was signed as a landmark agreement, to bring about an international waste management industry. The bid to help divert 75% of wastes from landfills in the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA) led to the signing of Recycling and waste Management Contract with Viridor Laing Greater Manchester Limited. Following this, this contract houses over 30 facilities such as Material Recovery Facilities (MRF), transfer stations, Anaerobic Digestion (AD) plants, composting f acilities and thermal recovery Waste to Energy (WTE) facilities. All these facilities have been refurbished or built afresh. That BTFR is

Review Of Literature Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Review Of Literature - Research Proposal Example In contrast to elementary schools, students at middle schools are expected to be independent with respect to the arrangement of their study material, plan the tasks provided to them, keep track of their material and their schedule, meet deadlines and therefore exhibit specific organizational abilities (Salend, 1998). The present section aims to explore the available literature investigating the expectations of teachers’ from students with learning disability (LD), with special reference to the expectations of teachers’ regarding active participation of students with learning disabilities. Initiation of studies exploring the impact of teachers’ expectations on the performance levels of students with LD can be traced back to 1970s. The earliest studies established the negative effects of labels such as ‘mentally retarded’ leading to the development of ‘learned helplessness’. On the basis of early investigations the demarcations and differe nces in attitudes were clearly established. While lack of achievement in regular students was considered to be as a consequence of lack of effort; the same in case of LD students was attributed to lack of ability. This is in congruence with the attribution theory, which asserts that success or failure in an endeavor can be attributed to ‘sin or sickness’ that is the ‘efforts’ and the ‘ability or disability’. ... This attitude of teacher sent non-verbal signals to the students that their competence levels are lower than the regular students in their class. On the basis of this rationale, they were able to justify their below par performance. Seminal early investigations involving 100 teachers and 1500 sixth grade students revealed significant trends in the expectation of teachers and their impact on students. The impact of high as well as low expectations was found to be lower in case of high achieving students, while the same was reported to be significant in low achieving students. Thus the low achievers performed much better in response to high expectations of the teacher; and conversely, exhibited significantly poor performance as a consequence of low expectations of teacher (Madon et al., 1997). The low expectations of the teachers however are sometimes unavoidable as in case of organizational behaviors of students with LD, since it is a highly frustrating aspect of classroom behavior, a nd disrupts the progress of classroom teaching-learning process repeatedly. Studies involving students from middle school students have revealed that these students often do exhibit failure to remember important assignments, materials required for the class, and class schedule (McMullen et al., 2007). Researchers have been able to attribute two specific causes for these behavioral problems and failure of LD students to meet teachers’ expectations of organization. The primary contributing cause has been specified to be that the LD students as a consequence of their deficits lack the ability of temporal-sequential organization. They lack the planning skills, are not able to assign time to different tasks, allocate time for completion of