Impact of technolgy on social relationship Essay

Impact of technolgy on social relationship - Essay Example Technology has helped develop the social relationships in the time and age of today. This has been apparent with the recent advancements that have been made on the world of Internet, the propagation of the mobile technology and other mediums. What has happened in essence is the culmination of a number of forces, all of which come under the aegis of technology to bring success towards the realms of the people, which has essentially turned the tide their way. One must understand that technology is indeed for the betterment of the people at large and this is a great way to bring them together on a single platform – a zone from where they can exploit the best out of their strengths and the potential opportunities. This paper discusses the significant pointers related with the role of technology playing its due role within the building up of social relationships. The argument has been raised and the points have been stated for clarity and comprehension. The impact of technology on social relationships is such that it poses as a huge risk on the flip side of the coin. If this technological basis falls down, there would be immense problems for the stakeholders, who would receive utmost at the hands of the ones who are the movers and shakers of these technological ranks. The social relationships are bring documented and expanded upon by the different platforms which are available under its fold – like the social networking websites which include Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and so on (Dickson, 2000). These Internet-based social networking websites and software help the people to remain connected in a number of different ways. They interact and communicate with one another through commenting on statuses, putting up unique statements, posting pictures, sharing workspaces and so on. What this does is to bring together a collective vision – a vision that helps the people to grow and manifest their truest basis in the long run. They come to know a great d eal about each other, find out about how they live their lives, and basically come in close contact with one another. The social relationships are such that technology brings about the very best in them. The technological domains link up the people in a number of ways because they enclose within them the respective areas of social growth and development through the different manifestations of the society. There is a dire need to understand that social relationships would continue to rule the roost in the times to come and technological linkages would only boost up the same in the future. The social relationships usually come into the consideration when the people feel that they are hard done by on the time notion. They lag behind in the race to meet deadlines, and the best possible route to attain contacts with one another is through the use of the technology. This is made possible by social networking tools like Facebook, Twitter and so on, as well as instant messaging software lik e MSN, Yahoo!, ICQ and others. In essence, there is a great amount of interaction that is taking place on a round the clock basis, which has been witnessed within the related domains (Mosley, 2011). The impact of technology is such that the social relationships can only bolster the ties amongst the people and make them stay connected for days, months and years. There is no set time limit for them and this is remarked as a definitive positive without any doubt. What is most important is to understand that the use of technology does not hamper in the building up of their collective vision, and that they get to know quite a good deal about the happenings taking place on a global level (Ahmed, 2011). This and many other facets are quintessential towards comprehending the domains of the social relationships that have been taking place over a period of time now. The world of Internet has only facilitated in this entire process. What it has however done is to bridge the gaps that have exis ted amongst the different generations

Summury and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summury and response - Essay Example Only 87 students that were of Chinese descent graduated from the university 5 years ago, while 2224 will graduate from the same university this year. Enrollment of international students has grown tremendously in the last years by over 6 percent with china having the highest figures of over 20 percent that prefer the big public colleges. This figures help to give an insight into the metamorphosis of the public universities in America in a time when support from the state has reduced. There are about 25 campuses that have amplified international enrollment to more than 40 percent in the last five years according to data collected by the Institute of International Education except one public university. The enrollment in Indiana has gone over 6,000 to 15 percent of the students in the university while in Illinois it has reached 9,000 and consequently it has been ranked as the second in the country. These universities are perceived to put importance on having international students and the ideas that they bring since they pay all their fees and don’t need financial aid. The universities have discovered that the fees paid by the international students can enable them continue to offer scholarships to help the local students even after funding is cut. As at last year, there were over 700,000 international students in the campuses in the US most of them coming from China and the rest from India and South Korea. The number of students from Saudi Arabia is fast growing since their government has established a lucrative sponsorship program. These students bring in over 22 billion dollars to the economy and most of them remain behind after they graduate either to work or continue with their studies. Indiana prefers international students since the rate that they pay in fees is three times what the local ones pay though this denies the local students from getting chances that are offered in this

Problem Behavior Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Problem Behavior Syndrome Essay Problem Behavior Syndrome Sandra Schaumleffel Everest University The life course view is that criminality may be best understood as one of many social problems faced by at-risk youth, referred to as problem behavior syndrome (PBS). In this view, crime is one among a group of interrelated antisocial behaviors that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment. People who suffer from one of these conditions typically exhibit many symptoms of the rest. All varieties of criminal behavior, including violence, theft, and drug offences, may be part of a generalized PBS, indicating that all forms of antisocial behavior have similar developmental patterns. (Siegel, p. 228) I knew a girl whom I was best friends with for almost 10 years. During year 6 of our friendship, I moved out of state. We still kept in contact. As the years went by, we slowly stopped talking. When I finally moved back to our hometown, I found out that this friend had turned to drugs, violence, and had a very long criminal record. I wanted nothing to do with that because I was trying to better myself. Unfortunately, she is still running down that wrong path, in and out of jail, on various different types of drugs, and even losing custody of her three children. This friend of mine possesses many of antisocial behaviors. Some would include substance abuse, early pregnancy, educational underachievement, and unemployment. I’m not sure how she got into drugs, but I have tried multiple times to get her into rehab. She objects. When it came time to graduate from high school, her wrong ways and drug abuse prevented her from doing so. With being unemployed, having no education, and always on some kind of drug, I see this friend having problem behavior syndrome. References: Criminology: The Core, Fourth Edition (Larry J. Siegel)

International Terrestrial Cable in Bangladesh

International Terrestrial Cable in Bangladesh Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction of the report: The internet has become an essential part of human life as it is the main mode of communication now a days. Internet is the interconnected computer network where billions of devices are connected through the backbone of optical networking technologies in modern days. My interest was to observe the rapid development of this communication mode and for this I have studied the optical transmission and networking systems and different protocols by working as an intern in the NOC department of 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. Finally I have made a report of whatever I have learnt throughout my 3 months long internship program. 1.2 Reason for selecting the specific industry: Telecommunication is growing with the vast use of internet in Bangladesh. The introduction of optical fiber transmission both in submarine and terrestrial over satellite communication made it easy to spread the global connectivity throughout the major cities in Bangladesh. 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. is one out of six companies which has the ITC license. Thus it serves as a domestic internet upstream for all the major ISP, IIG and IGW companies in Bangladesh using its terrestrial optical transmission technology. To better understand the optical transmission system and the IP network system it was the best choice to join as an intern in a company like 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. 1.3 Purpose of the Internship: To fulfill the requirements for the degree of the Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. To see the practical implementation of what was studied during the university program. To learn how a telecom company operates its technical functions. To make recommendations on the basis of the study done. 1.4 Methods of Collecting Data: The data for making this report was collected in many ways. Primary data, as well as secondary data for completing the task of report writing about this internship were used. Some of the methods which are used are discussed below. Use of Primary Data: Primary Data which were used for completing the report are as follows: Self-observation Discussions with the officers Informal interview from the customers Use of Secondary Data: Secondary Data which were used for completing the report are as follows: 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. brochure 1 Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. websites Several articles on the internet related with the field of study Research reports of several authors related with the field of study Chapter 2: Backgrounds 2.1 Background of ITC and IIG in Bangladesh: International Terrestrial Cable (ITC) operator: In 2006 the internet of Bangladesh has been connected to the world by a single submarine cable, Sea-Me-We 4 (SMW4). SMW4 is 18,800 kilometer-long optical-fiber system and its landing station of Bangladesh is at Cox’s Bazar. Since SMW4’s activation, national Internet outages have struck Bangladesh in regular basis. When any portion of this optical fiber system is damaged, it takes huge time for maintenance and thus virtually all internet bandwidth of Bangladesh disappears,pushing local internet providers to retreat to slow and expensive satellite services or to simply wait for restoration. A 20,000 km long secondary optical fiber system SMW5 is under construction and the landing port in Bangladesh will be at Mongla The SMW5 consortium signed the construction and maintenance agreement on March 7, 2014. But the complexation will take long time. In the meantime, major disruptions of Bangladesh’s Internet service continue to occur. The planned maintenances and failures in SMW4 system make all understood that how susceptible Bangladesh’s internet connectivity really is. These events thus encourage the Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (BTRC) to take alternative measures. In 2012, the BTRC issued licenses to six companies to connect to India via the International Terrestrial Cable (ITC). The six International Terrestrial Cable (ITC) operators are: 1Asia Alliance Communication Ltd., Novocom Limited BD Link Communication Ltd., Mango Teleservices Ltd., Summit Communications Ltd., and [emailprotected] Limited. This inauguration of an operational terrestrial connection to India to serve as an alternative to SMW4 is a great achievement for Bangladesh’s telecommunication sector. Currently these six ITC operators are connected to Tata Communications and Bharti Airtel via Benapole TCLS. International Internet Gateway (IIG) operator The telecom sector in Bangladesh is rapidly exposing. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) is the regulatory authority for this sector. In 2007 BTRC offer the license forInternational Internet Gateway (IIG) and from then number of IIG operators grow in this country. Currently there are 36 licensed IIG operators in Bangladesh. Few Major International Internet Gateway (IIG) operators are: 1Asia Alliance Communication Ltd. Aamra Companies Abir Telecommunication Apple Communication Bangla Phone Ltd bdHUB BD Link Communication BSCCL BTCL Cybergate Delta Infocom Earth Telecommunication Equitel Communications Fiber @ Home Global Fair Communications Greenland Technologies Intraglobe Communications Level3 Carrier Mango Teleservices MaxNet Online NovoCom Radiant Communications Limited REGO Communications IIGs in Bangladesh serve as a gateway for routing International incoming and outgoing Internet based data traffic additionally working as a national internet exchange (NIX) for exchanging national internet-based data traffic. Most of the gateways are connected with country’s sole submarine cable SMW4 as their main link and with the satellite earth station/VSAT as back up until another submarine cable SMW5 is available. When ITC operators in Bangladesh were introduced these IIG companies started using ITC services as an alternative to SMW4. BTRC has made a rule that all ISPs in Bangladesh shall be connected to global internet through these IIGs. IIG operators mainly provide their services to the ISPs, carriers and large corporations of the country. They use extensive local and international internet peering and transit. Even IIGs are interconnected with national IX (Internet Exchange) BDIX and several international IX thus their customers can access all global internet routes through the minimum number of hops. These operators give their customers the choice to subscribe the bandwidth based on the destination of their traffic. Their goal is to reduce network traffic congestion and maintain shorter latency. 2.2 Background of the company About the company: 1Asia Alliance Communication Limited (1AACL) is a joint venture company formed between Alliance Holdings Limited, Bangladesh and 1Asia Communication (BD) Ltd. It is a sister concern of Singapore based 1Asia Communication Pte. Ltd. The company was formed by a group of NRBs with over 20 years’ experience in the telecommunications business. The company carries the licenses from BTRC to provide ITC and IIG services to its clients in Bangladesh. 1AACL is also the first ITC operator in Bangladesh. Since its birth, 1AACL has established enormous footprints in the ICT sector of the country. It is running parallel with the country’s drive towards digitalization and higher internet penetration. The ITC project of 1AACL brings a much required backup for to the country’s lone submarine cable SMW4. The company offers its services to several ISPs, IGWs, IIGs, and corporate clients across the country. Licenses: IIG: License awarded on 12/04/2012, commercially started on 01/10/2012 ITC: License awarded on 05/01/2012, commercially started on 12/12/2012 Services: IPLC/MPLS IP Transit Satellite BW service Managed data network service VPN service Co-location service Client types: IIGs ISPs IGWs Enterprise customers International PoPs (Point of Presence): Chennai Mumbai Equinix Building, Singapore Epsilon Global Hub, London 60 Hudson Street, NY Local PoPs: HQ-Alliance Building, Dhaka Coloasia-Borak tower, Dhaka Chittagong-Akhtaruzzaman Center, Agrabad Benapole-Chowdhury Super Market, Zero Point, Check Post, Benapole Technology Partners: Tata Communication Ltd Bharti Airtel TIS Chunghwa Equinix-IX SG-IX Level3 Cogent Google Timeline of Infrastructure: 2012 to 2013 1AACL head quarter setup Benapole POP setup ITC backhaul setup 1Asia Alliance own WDM Network Secondary ITC Network Setup Tertiary ITC Network Setup Interconnection Equinix, Singapore Interconnection TATA, Chennai Mumbai Interconnection Airtel, Chennai Interconnection TIS, Singapore 2013 to 2014 Chittagong Pop Setup Pop at ColoAsia, Dhaka London Pop Setup Peering with Google, Facebook, Microsoft Interconnection Epsilon GH, London Interconnection Level3 Cogent Interconnection Equinix-IX SG-IX 2014 to Present New York, USA Pop Setup Departments: Administration Accounts Marketing Sales Logistics HR Technical : Transmission, IP Core, Service Delivery , NOC Strength: ITC Backhaul Systems (Dhaka- Benapole) Primary ITC Network: 1Asia Alliance’s Own System WDM network with 8 Lamda capacity Secondary ITC Network: [emailprotected] /Swapping Tertiary ITC Network: ITC Consortium/City Cell Number Of ITC Operators in Connection: 06 Cisco 12000 Series Flagship Routers as Core Aggregation Equipment Full Routing TABLE Implementation Auto Switch Over Routing Through ITC with different upstream carrier Switch Room Level Redundancy in National Segment International PoPs at Chennai, Mumbai, Singapore, London, New York Native IPv6 Peering (Upstreams Major Players) Direct Peering, Impressive RTD 2.3 Background study on research papers Research Paper 1 Title: Soliton Transmission in Fiber Optics for Long Distance Communication Authors: Mehul G.Patel (1), S. B. Khant (2) Affiliation: PG Student [SPC], Dept. of ECE, A.D.Patel Institute of Technology,V.U.Nagar,Gujarat, India (1) , Assistant professor, Dept. of ECE, A.D.Patel Institute of Technology, V.U.Nagar,Gujarat, India (2) Research Problem: The research discusses the reasons for the limit in information carrying capacity of optical communication systems. Research Methodology or Approach: Quantitative Research Solution and Results: Soliton based optical fiber communication systems are more suitable for long haul communication because of their very high information carrying capacity and repeater less transmission. Comments The research paper highlights one of the important weakness of optical fiber communication in long distance. In that respect the research problem is a good one. The research methodology is quantitative. But it could be better if more practical surveys were implemented. The result shows the mathematical solution of the problem. But it could be better if some practical result/evidence was shown. Strengths vs. Weaknesses: The discussion on the current problem in optical transmission is the strength of this research. But the result showing only mathematical solution is the weakness. Opportunities: Advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber communication, Dispersion Phenomenon References: [1] Gerd Keiser,Optical Fiber Communications, 4thedition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008. [2] http://hank.uoregon.edu. [3] R. Gangwar, S. P. Singh, and N. Singh, â€Å"Soliton based optical communication’’,Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 74, 157–166, 2007. [4] Akira Hasegawa, â€Å"Soliton-based ultra-high speed optical communications’’, Vol. 57, Nos5 6-journal of physics Nov. Dec. 2001. [5] Opsim-appnotes.pdf. [6] R. Ganapathy, K. Porsezian, A. Hasegawa, Life Fellow, IEEE, and V. N. Serkin,â€Å"Soliton Interaction Under Soliton Dispersion Management’’, IEEE journal of quantum electronics, Vol. 44, NO. 4, April 2008. [7] David S. Ricketts, Member, IEEE, Xiaofeng Li, Student Member, IEEE, â€Å"On the Self-Generation of Electrical Soliton Pulses’’, IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 42, NO. 8, August 2007. [8] Yang Jing Wen and Xiang Lin Yang,Senior Member, IEEE, â€Å"Quasi-Transform-Limited Pulse Transmission in Dispersion Managed Soliton System’’, IEEE photonics technology letters, Vol. 11, NO. 4, April 1999. [9] Kuppusamy Porsezian, Ramanathan Ganapathy, Akira Hasegawa, Life Fellow, IEEE, and Vladimir N. Serkin, â€Å"Nonautonomous Soliton Dispersion Management’’, IEEE journal of quantum electronics, vol. 45, no. 12, December 2009. [10] Hiroyuki Toda, Katsuyuki Mino, Yuji Kodama, Akira Hasegawa, Life Fellow, IEEE, and Peter A. Andrekson, Member, IEEE, Member, OSA,â€Å"Influence of Noise in Optical Pulse Source on Soliton Transmission’’, journal of lightwave technology, vol. 17, no. 6, June 1999. Research Paper 2 Title: Optical Fiber Based Communication Network Authors: Dr. Dharamvir Singh Affiliation: Assistant Professor, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa-125055 (Haryana) India Research Problem: This research discuss about the different technologies used in the fiber based communication network. It also focuses the advantages of newly developed technology over the conventional ones. Research Methodology or Approach: Correlation Research Solution and Results: The physics of the optical fibers are discussed here and it points to a solution that technological revolution of fiber optic communication is happening due to the development of capacity increasing methods and the introductions of high speed devices. Comments The research paper discusses the very basic requirements for an optical fiber communication. It is very helpful to understand the optical fiber communication technology at a glance The research methodology is correlative. And it is a better method to show the advantages of new technology over the existing one. The research does not reflect to any strong solution for a particular problem rather it describes the different aspects of the optical fiber communication. Strengths vs. Weaknesses: The discussion on the different technology used in optical fiber communication is the strength of this research. But it does not focus to any specific problem which needs to solved which is its weakness Opportunities: Transmission Windows, Attenuation, Transmitters, Receivers References: [1] S.G. Karshenboim, â€Å"Fundamental physical constants: looking from different anglesâ€Å", Can. J. Phys. 83, 767-811, (2005). [2] S. M. Foreman, K. W. Holman, D. D. Hudson, D. J. Jones, and J. Ye, â€Å"Remote transfer of ultrastable frequency references via fiber networks†, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 021101 (2007). [3] C. Daussy, O. Lopez, A. Amy-Klein, A. Goncharov , M. Guinet, C. Chardonnet, F. Narbonneau, M. Lours, D. Chambon, S. Bize, A. Clairon, G. Santarelli, M.E. Tobar and A.N. Luiten, â€Å"Long-Distance Frequency Dissemination with a Resolution of 10-17†, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 203904 (2005). [4] Alwayn, Vivek, Fiber-Optic Technologies. Cisco Systems, 12- 31 (2006). [5] S. M. Foreman, K. W. Holman, D. D. Hudson, D. J. Jones, and J. Ye, â€Å"Remote transfer of ultrastable frequency references via fiber networks†, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 021101 (2007). Research Paper 3 Title: Next Gen. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Authors: Shaikh Bilal Anees (1) Sameer Khan (2), Shah Akhtar Ali (3) Affiliation: Electronics Telecom Dept. AIKTC, Mumbai University, India, (1), (2), (3) Research Problem: The existing DWDM system does not meet the current bandwidth requirements of the corporate, which is up to 1Tb/s. In this research it broadly describes the advantages of the next generation DWDM over the existing system and how it can meet the required demand. It also describes the other possible solutions. Research Methodology or Approach: Meta-analysis Research Solution and Results: The research ends with two solutions. One solution is to use the modulation technique RZ-DPSK over long haul systems. Second one is the utilization of DCF Comments This paper discusses several options to increase the capacity of optical fiber transmission over long haul. It could be better if some more studies are put into this. The research methodology is meta-analysis. It relates all the possible solution to come up with the goal of this research, and for this it is the successful approach. The research comes up with a good solution. Strengths vs. Weaknesses: Its focus on the recent development to transmit high capacity data is its strength. Few more studies like the modulations techniques could be described, which is its weakness. Opportunities: The ideas of DWDM, Light Sources and Detectors, Optical Fiber Distortion References: [1] Muralikrishna Gandluru à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Optical Networking And Dense Wavelenght Devision Multiplexing (DWDM)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. [2] Biswanath Mukherjee à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢WDM Optical Communication Networks: Progress and Challengesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. [3] Introduction to DWDM Technology by Cisco ltd . [4] Fibre Optic Essentials by Casimer M. DeCusatis and Carolyn J. Sher DeCusatis . [5] Optical Fibers and RF: A Natural Combination by Malcolm Romeiser . [6] New functionalities for advanced optical interfaces (Dispersion compensation) byKazuo Yamane Photonic systems development dept. FUJITSU. [7] I. P. Kaminow, et al, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢A Wideband All-Optical WDM Networkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.14, No. 5, June 1996, pp. 780 799.) [8] Melià ¡n, B., Laguna, M., and Moreno, J.A., Capacity expansion of fiber optic networks with WDM systems: Problem formulation and comparative analysis, Computers and Operations Research, 31(3) (2004) 461-472. [9] E. Lowe, Current European WDM Deployment Trends, IEEE Communications Magazine, Feburary 1998, pp. 46-50.

Essay --

Legalizing Organ Sales When an individual thinks of the United States of America, the thought of hope and freedom comes to mind, but behind closed doors there is something opposite of that. There is a world where human organs give hope and freedom to people, not the promises of America. There is a world where one organ can be the difference between life or death for patients. This organ world can be fixed by allowing the sales of organs in America, allowing more organs for more patients. The sale of human organs should be legalized because it would stop the black market and people are in need of organs. The black market is an illegal underground economy, where people can sell anything they want, including organs. This is a very dangerous market, because people will do virtually anything to make money off of organs, including harming other people. â€Å"Reports on black market surgeries detail operations taking place in outdated, dangerous facilities† ( The Sale of Human Organs Should be Allowed 2). Having these operations being done for the black market is very hazardous and unsafe, pe...

Are School Uniforms Beneficial or Not? Essay -- Argumentative Educati

Are School Uniforms Beneficial or Not? (â€Å"Quotes about Uniform Policy† 1). Theodore R. Mitchell, UCLA School of Education says, "I think its great news for all of us who have advocated school uniforms as a way of building community.† A pressing issue, bullying has become a big problem in many school, and to eliminate this problem, school policies should require students to wear uniforms. Many people believe that school uniforms build the community into a safer, more positive environment. School uniforms improve school academics, prevent gang violence, and assist families, who can not afford expensive clothing. Worrying more about others, rather than themselves, students pay more attention to the appearance of their peers instead of their academics. To begin, if school uniforms became apart of the school policy, students’ academics would improve phenomenally. Hanley noted that â€Å"The reason for the policy [was] to further improve ascending test scores and provide a safe, comfortable learning environment† (A1+). Clearly, school administrators wanted to improve test scores, and they figured if students dressed the same, then they would have no other choice but to focus on their school work. If the students can concentrate on their school work, then they will have high self- esteem. Furthermore, Valdez believes that school uniforms, positively, will change student academics: â€Å"†¦ [they] decrease self consciousness and increase self esteem...† (14). Reasonable and realistic, students who feel better about themselves will succeed in school rather than those who have poor self-esteem. Not only do school uniforms encourage students to have a better attitude about themselves, but they also change the environment in which students learn.... ...Print. Hanley, Kipp. â€Å"At Middle School, a uniform solution?† McClatchy-Tribune Business News. 4 Oct 2009: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest LLC. Web. 8 Nov 2010. Mitchell, Theodore R. â€Å"Quotes about Uniform Policy.† Lbschools.net. LBUSD. 2010. Long Beach Unified School District. Web. 15 Nov 2010. Soloman, Louis K. â€Å"Schools Smarten Up Without Uniforms.† Sun Sentinel 30 Jun 2004: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest. Web. 11 Nov 2010. Stephens, Daniel. â€Å"School Dress Codes are Necessary and Constitutional.† Student Rights May 2001: 12-16. Gale. North Caroline Family Policy. Web. 9 Nov 2010. Synder, Susan. â€Å"Shirts Tucked in, Cell Phones Out: School Rules are Changing.† Philadelphia Inquirer 24 Sept 2004: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest LLC. Web. 8 Nov 2010. Valdez, Al. How Can Gang Violence be Prevented? San Clemente: Law Tech, 2005. Print.

Osama Bin Ladin Essay

Osama Bin Ladin, the most brutal terrorist and the key influence behind the September 11th attack, is quoted to have said, â€Å"All these crimes and sins committed by the Americans are a clear declaration of war on God, his Messenger, and Muslims†¦. [T]he jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries†¦ As for the fighting to repulse [an enemy], it is aimed at defending sanctity and religion, and it is a duty†¦ On that basis, and in compliance with God’s order, we issue the following fatwa to all Muslims: The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies-civilian and military–is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it. † (Knapp) In the above quote, Osama Bin Ladin uses the term Jihad to distinguish his faith and states that his religious duty is to declare war on the enemy. The significance of the Jihad is based upon the â€Å"Quran’s command to struggle (the literal meaning of the word jihad) in the path of God and in the example of the Prophet Muhammad and his early Companions. † (Esposito 117) Jihad has been interpreted differently between the Muslim populations some view the doctrine as a justification of violent actions and others as a peaceful Islamic commandment. To the extreme Muslim fundamentalist, it’s used to interpret and justify radical acts of religious demonstrations, such as September 11, 2001. The Islamic religion was developed in the 17th century and an instrumental doctrine crucial to its founding is the doctrine of Jihad, â€Å"waging holy war on behalf of Islam as a religious duty. † (Arbuckle, 11) Muslims have disagreed between themselves throughout history as to the true meaning of the term. Most Islamic theologians in Muslim history â€Å"understood this obligation to be in a military sense. † (Knapp) A common misperception – because of Jihad, Islamic Law condones warfare. According to Michael Knapp in his article titled The Concept and Practice of Jihad in Islam, â€Å"Islamic law condemns all warfare that does not qualify as Jihad, especially any warfare among Muslims. † Islamic militant and religious based political groups have become increasingly larger over the past 30 years. Many of these groups’ philosophy is based on the demands of the Jihad and their driving force is to create a society governed by the â€Å"the Shari’ and a unified Islamic state, and to eliminate un-Islamic and unjust rulers. These groups are also reemphasizing individual conformity to the requirements of Islam. † (Knapp) However, it is important to note that by Islamic Law, no war can be waged on the basis of Jihad unless it is endorsed by its leader and the right intention is imperative. Waging war for personal gain, such as money, conquest, or for political gain is unjust in the eyes of the Jihad. (Knapp) Radicals do not solely focus on the Jihad when waging war or making an extreme political statement. Radicalism has been a result of various reasons – religious, cultural, political and socio-economics. (Knapp) The fundamentalist Muslims are focused solely on the traditions and customs of the Islamic religion and when that custom or way of life is threatened there is a dramatic reaction. Many radical Islamic groups have blamed Western civilization as a threat; they believe that it is an evil â€Å"that replaces Muslim religious and cultural identity and values with alien ideas and models of development. † (Knapp)